AbstractObjective. This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal medicine formula (RCM-104) for the management of simple obesity. Method. Obese subjects aged between 18 and 60 years were selected for 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to take 4 capsules of either the RCM-104 formula (
π
=
5
9
) or placebo (
π
=
5
8
), 3 times daily for 12 weeks. Measures of BW, BMI and WC, HC, WHR and BF composition were assessed at baseline and once every four weeks during the 12 week treatment period. Results. Of the 117 subjects randomised, 92 were included in the ITT analysis. The weight, BMI and BF in RCM-104 group were reduced by 1.5 kg, 0.6 kg/m2 and 0.9% and those in the placebo group were increased by 0.5 kg, 0.2 kg/m2 and 0.1% respectively. There were significant differences in BW and BMI (
π
<
0
.
0
5
) between the two groups. Eleven items of the WLQOQ were significantly improved in the RCM-104 group while only 2 items were significantly improved in the placebo group. Adverse events were minor in both groups. Conclusion. RCM-104 treatment appears to be well tolerated and beneficial in reducing BW and BMI in obese subjects.1. IntroductionObesity is a common metabolic disorder in developed and developing countries [1] and is characterized by weight gain, fatigue, and lassitude. Obesity is associated with serious health conditions such as hypertension (32.1%), osteoarthritis (38.9%), joint pain (27.4%), chronic insomnia (23.4%), allergy (37.3%), and depression (23.4%) [2]. The increasing prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern since obesity is often associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis, as well as diabetes mellitus and the acceleration of the aging process [3]. The prevalence of obesity has risen to alarming levels worldwide with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that there will be 2.3 billion overweight and 700 million obese adults by 2015. In Australia, 25% of the population is obese [4], whereas in the US it is estimated that 30.4% of adults are obese [5, 6]. Current management of obesity by pharmacotherapy includes noncentrally acting antiobesity agents such as Orlistat (Xenical), which inhibits the action of the intestinal lipase enzymes and hence blocks the absorption of fat in the intestines. The most common adverse events of Orlistat include oily faecal spotting, abdominal pain, and flatus with discharge, faecal urgency, fatty/oily stool, increased defecation, and faecal incontinence [7].Another pharmacotherapy is the centrally acting antiobesity agent, namely, Sibutramine (Reductil), which produces unwanted side effects such as trouble sleeping, constipation, and dry mouth as well as increased heartbeat, increased blood pressure, awareness of the heartbeat (palpitations), headache, anxiety, or dizziness [8–10]. Consequently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA withdrew Sibutramine in October 2010.Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass operations are generally reserved for people with morbid obesity (BMI > 40) who instituted but failed an adequate exercise and diet program (with or without adjunctive drug therapy) or patients presenting with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and obstructive sleep apnoea [11].Chinese herbal medicine has been used for weight management both in China and in western countries [12]. However, there is a lack of rigorously conducted randomized, controlled clinical trials published on Chinese herbal medicines for weight management in the international peer-reviewed scientific literature.In 2004, Hioki et al. demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of a traditional Chinese formula (Bofutsusho-san) in obese Japanese women with impaired glucose tolerance. Findings from this study revealed significant improvement in both treatment and placebo groups compared to baseline. However, waist and hip circumference measurements of subjects in the Bofutsusho-san treatment group were also significantly improved compared to that of the control group [13].A number of animal studies support the use of Chinese herbal medicine formulas for treating obesity and have shown other beneficial effects. For example, the Bofutsusho-san formula has been shown to prevent intimal thickening and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in rats [14]. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrated that a Chinese herbal formula significantly reduced the weight of overweight rats and suppressed their appetites [15]. A herbal treatment, known as 9D-ASR also leads to a decrease in the weight of overweight rats [16, 17]. Another herbal formula (PM-F2-OB) also demonstrated anti-obesity effects in overweight rats [18]. To evaluate the potential mechanism of actions of many Chinese herbs that are traditionally used for weight management, Tian et al. carried out investigations of 31 herbs on rats and found that 17 of them inhibited the enzyme, fatty acid synthase [19]. It was also interesting to note that some agents such as conjugated linoleic acid, catechins, and synephrine hydroxycitric acid often used for weight reduction were also found in Chinese herbal medicines [20, 21].Until recently, widely used herbal supplements for weight loss contained ephedra alkaloids and herbal forms of caffeine, which are constituents of Mahuang [20]. Many clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of these two constituents for treating obesity [22, 23]. However, certain adverse effects associated with ephedrine and caffeine, such as central nervous system stimulation and increases in blood pressure and serum glucose, have been reported [20]. The use of ephedra can lead to life-threatening adverse cardiac effects [24], which include myocardial infarction, stroke, and death outside of a hospital [25]. Consequently, the sale of products containing ephedrine has been prohibited in the USA [26, 27]. There have also been reported cases of hepatotoxicity caused by Chinese dietary weight loss formulas containing fenfluramine and nitroso-fenfluramine. Kidney diseases or urothelial carcinoma related to the use of Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acids have also been reported [28]. RCM-104, the Chinese herbal formula used in the present study, contained none of these substances.RCM-104 is an RMIT Chinese herbal medicine formula with three herbal ingredients that are commonly used in daily practice. These 3 herbs were carefully selected based on both Chinese medicine theory and existing published literature of basic research. A previous study on green tea extract had shown a 4.6% decrease in body weight and 4.5% decrease in waist circumference after 12 weeks, possibly via inhibition of intestinal lipases and stimulation of thermogenesis [29].The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RCM-104 through a rigorous double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.2. Methods2.1. Study DesignThe trial was approved by the RMIT University Human Research Ethics Committee, and a Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) application was filed with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA-2007/313), Department for Health and Ageing, Australian Federal Government, Canberra, Australia. The trial has been registered with Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12607000255482).Subjects and personnel who were involved in the clinical trial were blinded to the participant’s group allocation. A pharmacist, responsible for prepacking and dispensing the RCM-104 and matched placebo capsules into identical packages, was the only person with access to the randomization allocation codes.Subjects were given written information and a verbal explanation concerning the study prior to obtaining consent for their participation. After the two-week baseline assessment, the subjects were randomly assigned into either the RCM-104 treatment or placebo groups using treatment allocation codes generated by a statistician and designed to ensure balance of gender, age, and severity of obesity between groups (Figure 1).435702.fig.001Figure 1: Clinical trial profile.Subjects were required to take either the RCM-104 or placebo capsules for 12 weeks with measures of BW, BMI, and body fat taken once every 4 weeks as well as at 12 weeks after intervention.2.2. SubjectsSubjects’ ages ranged from 18 to 60 years with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The exclusion criteria were (1) losing more than 5 kg in the past 3 months; (2) endocrine disorders other than type 2 diabetes mellitus; (3) uncontrolled hypertension; (4) autoimmune or cardiovascular diseases or carrying a pace-maker; (5) lactating or pregnant women; (6) those using drugs affecting the central nervous system or lipid lowering drugs; (7) obesity known to be caused by pharmacotherapy; (8) therapy for weight control in the last 6 months; (9) renal or hepatic disease; (10) unable to read or understand English. The subjects were not allowed to receive other obesity management and were asked to keep to their existing diet and life style during the study period. All subjects were free to withdraw at any time during the course of the study.The study was advertised in the local newspapers and websites. Flyers advertising the study were displayed in local medical centers and university campuses. After a brief telephone screening interview, subjects were invited to a face-to-face interview to ensure they understood the aims of the trial and satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria.2.3. TreatmentAll subjects were instructed to take 4 capsules per time, three times per day. The treatment group received RCM-104 capsules containing 500 mg granule extract from dried herbals according to the pre-set standard procedures with certificate of analysis. The standard markers were Chrysophanol (0.0317 mg/g), Epicatechin (EC—10.89 mg/g), Caffeine (31.24 mg/g); Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG—52.34 mg/g); Epicatechin gallate (ECG—13.63 mg/g) and Rutin (62.09 mg/g). The ingredients include Camellia sinensis (Lu Cha Ye: 40%), Cassia obtusifolia (Jue Ming Zi: 40%), Sophora Japonica (Huai Hua: 20%). These ingredients are listed in Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as approved substances for human consumption by the Therapeutic Good Administration (TGA). The placebo group received herbal starch capsules that contained no active substances, with an identical appearance to the RCM-104 capsules. Both granules of RCM-104 and placebo were in standard capsules produced by Sun Ten Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Taiwan that holds a TGA approved Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificate. The trial medication compliance was monitored by counting left-over capsules to determine the number of capsules taken by subjects and checking on the completeness of the data on forms returned to the trial team.2.4. MeasurementsAll anthropometric measurements were carried out using standardized methods and performed at the beginning of each 4 weekly visit. Height was measured with a wall-mounted stationmaster without wearing shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm; weight was measured while wearing light clothes without shoes on a calibrated balance beam scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. BMI was calculated according to the formula: BMI = body weight (BW)/squared height (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured mid-way between the lateral lower rib margin and the iliac crest, and hip circumference (HC) was measured at the levels of the prominence of greater trochanters. Body fat (BF) composition was determined using a standard Bioimpedance Analyzer (BIA, Model HBF-522; Omron, Kyoto, Japan) which calculated lean mass and fat mass using an algorithm based on electrical resistance, weight, age, height, and gender.The resting metabolic rate was determined by Fitmate (Biomedex Pty. Ltd. 1/1 Pioneer Drive, Bellambi, NSW, Australia). Subjects were instructed not to exercise or consume stimulants such as alcohol, tea, or coffee at least 2 hours prior to the test. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured three times in a resting seated position with the rest period of 1 minute between the measurements using ITO blood pressure monitor, and the average of all three measurements was recorded.Blood collections for serological data were conducted only at the first and the last visit (week 12). The serological data included cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin and glucose for calculation of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), and renal and liver functions tests.Self-assessment questionnaires were used to monitor quality of life using validated Weight-Related Symptom Measure (WRSM) and the Obesity & Weight-Loss Quality of Life measure (OWLQOL) questionnaires (University of Washington, 2004) prior to each visit.2.5. Food Intake RecordsSubjects were asked to maintain their normal diet and routine activities. They were instructed to record their diet in the dietary record form. The forms include day by day, meal by meal records of all food and liquids consumed over 3 days at the beginning of the trial and further random 3 days in each treatment period. The food intake records were subsequently analysed using a standard dietary software package (FoodWorks, Xyris, Brisbane, Australia) incorporating the latest Australian database of food composition (NUTTAB 2006, FSANZ, Canberra, Australia). Nutrient intake was averaged over the initial 3-day period to determine the daily intake of macro- and micronutrient, fat subtypes, and total energy as the subject’s baseline diet. Dietary data collected during study periods were compared to baseline to determine any change in dietary intake (data not provided).2.6. Statistical AnalysisAll data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 18 for Windows). Intention to treat (ITT) analysis included all randomized patients with baseline data with at least one outcome after the interventions were determined using the last-value-carried-forward method. Outcomes were evaluated by comparing baseline data with data after 4 weeks of intervention for the variables BW, BMI, WC, HC, Hip to waist ratio (HWR), and BF.The data from nonrepeated measures including blood tests were analyzed using t-tests. Ordinal data variables involving baseline and end of study within each treatment group were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Gender balance in the two groups was assessed using the Chi-square test. ANCOVA was used to assess whether the treatment and placebo groups were significantly different on variables assessed at the end of the study using baseline as covariate. All statistical tests were assessed at Ξ± = 0.05 with adjustments to Ξ± where necessary to accommodate testing involving multiple outcomes.3. Results3.1. Baseline Subject CharacteristicsOf 133 obese subjects screened, 117 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomized into placebo (
π
=
5
9
) and treatment groups (
π
=
5
8
&nbsnbsp;
9
9
.
5
±
1
5
.
1
kg), (
3
5
.
3
±
4
.
8
), respectively. ANCOVA was used for assessing treatment outcomes in weight and BMI between the two groups after 12 weeks of treatment using the baseline as a covariate. When both groups were compared after 12 weeks of treatment with the baseline as covariate, there was a significant difference between the two groups on weight (
π
=
0
.
0
0
6
, Figure 2) and BMI (
π
=
0
.
0
2
7
, Figure 3). Note that we used Hochberg’s step-up procedure to control Type I error to assess statistical significance. In doing so, we included BW, BMI, and BF composition as the three core variables that were used to assess the efficacy of the treatment. Within the treatment group, the reduction in weight and BMI were statistically significant.435702.fig.002Figure 2: Average weights (Kg) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of weight at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (*) indicates value that is significantly different from that of placebo group using ANCOVA and ITT, (
π
=
0
.
0
0
6
).435702.fig.003Figure 3: Average body weight index (Kg/m2) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of BMI at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (*) indicates the values significantly different than that of placebo group using ANCOVA and ITT, (
π
=
0
.
0
2
7
).The analysis showed that after 12 weeks of treatment, there was no significant reduction in the BF composition between the RCM-104 group and the placebo group (
π
=
0
.
1
5
1
, Figure 4).435702.fig.004Figure 4: Change in body fat composition (%) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of body fat composition at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (#) indicates value not significantly different using ANCOVA and ITT, (
π
>
0
.
0
&nst
πΌ
/
(
π
−
1
)
, etc., where
πΌ
=
0
.
0
5
and
π
=
2
0
variables. Note that we have only included 5 of the 20 variables in Table 2 on the basis of having the smallest
π
-values. All other variables had associated
π
-values, which were large enough not to have reached significance.) When the RCM-104 group was compared to the placebo group after 12 weeks of treatment, an ANCOVA analysis with baseline as the covariate, and using the Holm step-down procedure, as described above, for controlling Type I error, the only quality of life measure that showed significant difference in symptoms between the two groups was shortness of breath (
π
=
0
.
0
0
2
) with the RCM-104 group showing significant reduction in symptoms (
π
=
0
.
0
0
1
, Table 2).tab2Table 2: Weight-related symptoms and how much they bother you.Similarly, after 12 weeks, eleven items of Weight-Loss Quality of Life (your feelings about your weight—Table 3) were significantly improved in the treatment group, while only 2 items were significantly improved in the placebo group. When the RCM-104 group was cop; 0
.
0
0
2
9
for assessing the smallest
π
-value (Table 3)).tab3Table 3: Obesity and weight-loss quality of life-your feelings about your weight.3.2.3. Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Food IntakeBoth within group and between the groups analyses did not reveal significant changes in RMR (Table 4) for both groups.tab4Table 4: Changes in anthropometric parameters of RCM-104 and placebo groups.There were some changes in the food intake by the subjects during the trial. However, the changes were not sEGCG stimulates thermogenesis, with caffeine enhancing this action. Other studies have found that catechin polyphenols and caffeine increase 24-hour energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans, which contribute to weight reduction [33]. This present study did find some increase in RMR; however, the difference between the two groups was not significant.In Chinese medicine practice, Jue Ming Zi is known to clear heat, moistens and lubricates the intestines, and therefore acts as a mild laxative [34]. The anti-obesity effects of this herb, however, may be attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthase [19], which is shown in the reduction of body fat composition. Traditionally, Huaihua is used to cool blood and stop bleeding which is an anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-obesity effect of Huaihua is attributed to its diuretic and laxative actions [35].In human studies, green tea has been found to significantly increase energy expenditure, lower body weight, and decrease waist circumference without changing heart rate or blood pressure [33]. Obesity is associated with many other health problems [2] and even small reductions in weight can lead to significant improvements in quality of life of obese individuals [36]. In this study, we found that RCM-104 significantly improved many aspects of quality of life consistent with Chinese medicine diagnosis theory. The reduction of joint pain among the participants in this study may be due the anti-inflammatory action of Huaihua and Juemingzi [35]. The cholesterol levels have been unchanged, which is not consistent with an animal study by [37] that Huaihua lowered hepatic and blood cholesterol levels, but may be due to a relatively small proportion of Huaihua in RCM-104. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often coexists within the obese population [38]. In this study, subjects in the treatment group showed significant improvement of shortness of breath symptoms. This effect maybe due to the antioxidant effects of green tea catechins [39].There has been general concern of the lack of safety of specific Chinese herbal medicine. Kidney failure due to herbal weight loss pills has been reported [40]. The results of this study have shown only mild undesirable adverse events such as headache and nausea that occurred during the first treatment period. This is consistent with reports from previous studies [41, 42]. A study by Pisters et al. in 2001 showed that a single oral consumption of 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) might cause mild headache [43, 44]. A study by Hsu et al. 2008 did not detect EGCG in the serum sample of subjects at the dosage of 302 mg of EGCG per day. In the present study, RCM-104 contained 314.04 mg of EGCG in the daily dosage. It has been previously reported that green tea could cause slight gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea [45]. Although Juemingzi is included in the list of poisonous plants of North Carolina, Russell et al. stated that the toxic effects are only associated with the intake of large quantities without specifying dosage [46]. However, an animal study has shown no changed serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, and lactic dehydrogenase activity at the dosage of 1.19% of body weight per day [47]. Another animal study did not see any sign of chronic ingestion when consuming 0.15% Juemingzi of the diet, and Intermittent mild diarrhea was observed in animals consuming high doses (5%) of Juemingzi in their diet [48]. Juemingzi has been safely used in Chinese medicine practice for hundreds of years. In this study, we used 2.4 g of Juemingzi extract, which is less than half of recommended dosage of 5 g extract per day [35]. Huaihua has been used in many Asian countries as daily tea. In daily practice, overuse of Huaihua can cause mild diarrhea in some cases [35]. The recommended safe dosage for this herb is 5 g [34] of extract per day, but only 1.2 g per day was used in this study. Based on the dosages used in this study and the findings, RCM-104 appeared to be safe and well tolerated by the subjects.5. ConclusionRCM-104 is well tolerated and appears to be effective in reducing weight and improving quality of life in obese individuals after 12 weeks. Long-term follow-up studies in larger populations are required to determine if weight loss is sustained.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that none of them has any conflict of interests within the last three years that may arise by being named as an author of the paper.AcknowledgmentsThis study was cofunded by the Windermere Foundation Limited, an RMIT Emerging Researcher Grant, and an Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association (AACMA) seed grant. The trial medications were manufactured, tested, and supplied by Sun Ten Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Taiwan. The use of Quality of Life (OWLQOL) instruments was permitted by Seattle Quality of Life Group, University of Washington. The authors would also like to thank all subjects, nurses, doctors, and research assistants who have contributed to this paper.
π
=
5
9
) or placebo (
π
=
5
8
), 3 times daily for 12 weeks. Measures of BW, BMI and WC, HC, WHR and BF composition were assessed at baseline and once every four weeks during the 12 week treatment period. Results. Of the 117 subjects randomised, 92 were included in the ITT analysis. The weight, BMI and BF in RCM-104 group were reduced by 1.5 kg, 0.6 kg/m2 and 0.9% and those in the placebo group were increased by 0.5 kg, 0.2 kg/m2 and 0.1% respectively. There were significant differences in BW and BMI (
π
<
0
.
0
5
) between the two groups. Eleven items of the WLQOQ were significantly improved in the RCM-104 group while only 2 items were significantly improved in the placebo group. Adverse events were minor in both groups. Conclusion. RCM-104 treatment appears to be well tolerated and beneficial in reducing BW and BMI in obese subjects.1. IntroductionObesity is a common metabolic disorder in developed and developing countries [1] and is characterized by weight gain, fatigue, and lassitude. Obesity is associated with serious health conditions such as hypertension (32.1%), osteoarthritis (38.9%), joint pain (27.4%), chronic insomnia (23.4%), allergy (37.3%), and depression (23.4%) [2]. The increasing prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern since obesity is often associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis, as well as diabetes mellitus and the acceleration of the aging process [3]. The prevalence of obesity has risen to alarming levels worldwide with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that there will be 2.3 billion overweight and 700 million obese adults by 2015. In Australia, 25% of the population is obese [4], whereas in the US it is estimated that 30.4% of adults are obese [5, 6]. Current management of obesity by pharmacotherapy includes noncentrally acting antiobesity agents such as Orlistat (Xenical), which inhibits the action of the intestinal lipase enzymes and hence blocks the absorption of fat in the intestines. The most common adverse events of Orlistat include oily faecal spotting, abdominal pain, and flatus with discharge, faecal urgency, fatty/oily stool, increased defecation, and faecal incontinence [7].Another pharmacotherapy is the centrally acting antiobesity agent, namely, Sibutramine (Reductil), which produces unwanted side effects such as trouble sleeping, constipation, and dry mouth as well as increased heartbeat, increased blood pressure, awareness of the heartbeat (palpitations), headache, anxiety, or dizziness [8–10]. Consequently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA withdrew Sibutramine in October 2010.Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass operations are generally reserved for people with morbid obesity (BMI > 40) who instituted but failed an adequate exercise and diet program (with or without adjunctive drug therapy) or patients presenting with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and obstructive sleep apnoea [11].Chinese herbal medicine has been used for weight management both in China and in western countries [12]. However, there is a lack of rigorously conducted randomized, controlled clinical trials published on Chinese herbal medicines for weight management in the international peer-reviewed scientific literature.In 2004, Hioki et al. demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of a traditional Chinese formula (Bofutsusho-san) in obese Japanese women with impaired glucose tolerance. Findings from this study revealed significant improvement in both treatment and placebo groups compared to baseline. However, waist and hip circumference measurements of subjects in the Bofutsusho-san treatment group were also significantly improved compared to that of the control group [13].A number of animal studies support the use of Chinese herbal medicine formulas for treating obesity and have shown other beneficial effects. For example, the Bofutsusho-san formula has been shown to prevent intimal thickening and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in rats [14]. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrated that a Chinese herbal formula significantly reduced the weight of overweight rats and suppressed their appetites [15]. A herbal treatment, known as 9D-ASR also leads to a decrease in the weight of overweight rats [16, 17]. Another herbal formula (PM-F2-OB) also demonstrated anti-obesity effects in overweight rats [18]. To evaluate the potential mechanism of actions of many Chinese herbs that are traditionally used for weight management, Tian et al. carried out investigations of 31 herbs on rats and found that 17 of them inhibited the enzyme, fatty acid synthase [19]. It was also interesting to note that some agents such as conjugated linoleic acid, catechins, and synephrine hydroxycitric acid often used for weight reduction were also found in Chinese herbal medicines [20, 21].Until recently, widely used herbal supplements for weight loss contained ephedra alkaloids and herbal forms of caffeine, which are constituents of Mahuang [20]. Many clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of these two constituents for treating obesity [22, 23]. However, certain adverse effects associated with ephedrine and caffeine, such as central nervous system stimulation and increases in blood pressure and serum glucose, have been reported [20]. The use of ephedra can lead to life-threatening adverse cardiac effects [24], which include myocardial infarction, stroke, and death outside of a hospital [25]. Consequently, the sale of products containing ephedrine has been prohibited in the USA [26, 27]. There have also been reported cases of hepatotoxicity caused by Chinese dietary weight loss formulas containing fenfluramine and nitroso-fenfluramine. Kidney diseases or urothelial carcinoma related to the use of Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acids have also been reported [28]. RCM-104, the Chinese herbal formula used in the present study, contained none of these substances.RCM-104 is an RMIT Chinese herbal medicine formula with three herbal ingredients that are commonly used in daily practice. These 3 herbs were carefully selected based on both Chinese medicine theory and existing published literature of basic research. A previous study on green tea extract had shown a 4.6% decrease in body weight and 4.5% decrease in waist circumference after 12 weeks, possibly via inhibition of intestinal lipases and stimulation of thermogenesis [29].The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RCM-104 through a rigorous double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.2. Methods2.1. Study DesignThe trial was approved by the RMIT University Human Research Ethics Committee, and a Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) application was filed with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA-2007/313), Department for Health and Ageing, Australian Federal Government, Canberra, Australia. The trial has been registered with Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12607000255482).Subjects and personnel who were involved in the clinical trial were blinded to the participant’s group allocation. A pharmacist, responsible for prepacking and dispensing the RCM-104 and matched placebo capsules into identical packages, was the only person with access to the randomization allocation codes.Subjects were given written information and a verbal explanation concerning the study prior to obtaining consent for their participation. After the two-week baseline assessment, the subjects were randomly assigned into either the RCM-104 treatment or placebo groups using treatment allocation codes generated by a statistician and designed to ensure balance of gender, age, and severity of obesity between groups (Figure 1).435702.fig.001Figure 1: Clinical trial profile.Subjects were required to take either the RCM-104 or placebo capsules for 12 weeks with measures of BW, BMI, and body fat taken once every 4 weeks as well as at 12 weeks after intervention.2.2. SubjectsSubjects’ ages ranged from 18 to 60 years with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The exclusion criteria were (1) losing more than 5 kg in the past 3 months; (2) endocrine disorders other than type 2 diabetes mellitus; (3) uncontrolled hypertension; (4) autoimmune or cardiovascular diseases or carrying a pace-maker; (5) lactating or pregnant women; (6) those using drugs affecting the central nervous system or lipid lowering drugs; (7) obesity known to be caused by pharmacotherapy; (8) therapy for weight control in the last 6 months; (9) renal or hepatic disease; (10) unable to read or understand English. The subjects were not allowed to receive other obesity management and were asked to keep to their existing diet and life style during the study period. All subjects were free to withdraw at any time during the course of the study.The study was advertised in the local newspapers and websites. Flyers advertising the study were displayed in local medical centers and university campuses. After a brief telephone screening interview, subjects were invited to a face-to-face interview to ensure they understood the aims of the trial and satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria.2.3. TreatmentAll subjects were instructed to take 4 capsules per time, three times per day. The treatment group received RCM-104 capsules containing 500 mg granule extract from dried herbals according to the pre-set standard procedures with certificate of analysis. The standard markers were Chrysophanol (0.0317 mg/g), Epicatechin (EC—10.89 mg/g), Caffeine (31.24 mg/g); Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG—52.34 mg/g); Epicatechin gallate (ECG—13.63 mg/g) and Rutin (62.09 mg/g). The ingredients include Camellia sinensis (Lu Cha Ye: 40%), Cassia obtusifolia (Jue Ming Zi: 40%), Sophora Japonica (Huai Hua: 20%). These ingredients are listed in Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as approved substances for human consumption by the Therapeutic Good Administration (TGA). The placebo group received herbal starch capsules that contained no active substances, with an identical appearance to the RCM-104 capsules. Both granules of RCM-104 and placebo were in standard capsules produced by Sun Ten Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd Taiwan that holds a TGA approved Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificate. The trial medication compliance was monitored by counting left-over capsules to determine the number of capsules taken by subjects and checking on the completeness of the data on forms returned to the trial team.2.4. MeasurementsAll anthropometric measurements were carried out using standardized methods and performed at the beginning of each 4 weekly visit. Height was measured with a wall-mounted stationmaster without wearing shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm; weight was measured while wearing light clothes without shoes on a calibrated balance beam scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. BMI was calculated according to the formula: BMI = body weight (BW)/squared height (kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC) was measured mid-way between the lateral lower rib margin and the iliac crest, and hip circumference (HC) was measured at the levels of the prominence of greater trochanters. Body fat (BF) composition was determined using a standard Bioimpedance Analyzer (BIA, Model HBF-522; Omron, Kyoto, Japan) which calculated lean mass and fat mass using an algorithm based on electrical resistance, weight, age, height, and gender.The resting metabolic rate was determined by Fitmate (Biomedex Pty. Ltd. 1/1 Pioneer Drive, Bellambi, NSW, Australia). Subjects were instructed not to exercise or consume stimulants such as alcohol, tea, or coffee at least 2 hours prior to the test. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured three times in a resting seated position with the rest period of 1 minute between the measurements using ITO blood pressure monitor, and the average of all three measurements was recorded.Blood collections for serological data were conducted only at the first and the last visit (week 12). The serological data included cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin and glucose for calculation of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), and renal and liver functions tests.Self-assessment questionnaires were used to monitor quality of life using validated Weight-Related Symptom Measure (WRSM) and the Obesity & Weight-Loss Quality of Life measure (OWLQOL) questionnaires (University of Washington, 2004) prior to each visit.2.5. Food Intake RecordsSubjects were asked to maintain their normal diet and routine activities. They were instructed to record their diet in the dietary record form. The forms include day by day, meal by meal records of all food and liquids consumed over 3 days at the beginning of the trial and further random 3 days in each treatment period. The food intake records were subsequently analysed using a standard dietary software package (FoodWorks, Xyris, Brisbane, Australia) incorporating the latest Australian database of food composition (NUTTAB 2006, FSANZ, Canberra, Australia). Nutrient intake was averaged over the initial 3-day period to determine the daily intake of macro- and micronutrient, fat subtypes, and total energy as the subject’s baseline diet. Dietary data collected during study periods were compared to baseline to determine any change in dietary intake (data not provided).2.6. Statistical AnalysisAll data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 18 for Windows). Intention to treat (ITT) analysis included all randomized patients with baseline data with at least one outcome after the interventions were determined using the last-value-carried-forward method. Outcomes were evaluated by comparing baseline data with data after 4 weeks of intervention for the variables BW, BMI, WC, HC, Hip to waist ratio (HWR), and BF.The data from nonrepeated measures including blood tests were analyzed using t-tests. Ordinal data variables involving baseline and end of study within each treatment group were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Gender balance in the two groups was assessed using the Chi-square test. ANCOVA was used to assess whether the treatment and placebo groups were significantly different on variables assessed at the end of the study using baseline as covariate. All statistical tests were assessed at Ξ± = 0.05 with adjustments to Ξ± where necessary to accommodate testing involving multiple outcomes.3. Results3.1. Baseline Subject CharacteristicsOf 133 obese subjects screened, 117 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomized into placebo (
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, Figure 3). Note that we used Hochberg’s step-up procedure to control Type I error to assess statistical significance. In doing so, we included BW, BMI, and BF composition as the three core variables that were used to assess the efficacy of the treatment. Within the treatment group, the reduction in weight and BMI were statistically significant.435702.fig.002Figure 2: Average weights (Kg) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of weight at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (*) indicates value that is significantly different from that of placebo group using ANCOVA and ITT, (
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).435702.fig.003Figure 3: Average body weight index (Kg/m2) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of BMI at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (*) indicates the values significantly different than that of placebo group using ANCOVA and ITT, (
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).The analysis showed that after 12 weeks of treatment, there was no significant reduction in the BF composition between the RCM-104 group and the placebo group (
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, Figure 4).435702.fig.004Figure 4: Change in body fat composition (%) after 12-week treatment. The plotted line graphs indicate the means ± SD of change of body fat composition at each assessment visit, RCM-104 group (◆) and placebo control group (◊). (#) indicates value not significantly different using ANCOVA and ITT, (
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variables. Note that we have only included 5 of the 20 variables in Table 2 on the basis of having the smallest
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-values. All other variables had associated
π
-values, which were large enough not to have reached significance.) When the RCM-104 group was compared to the placebo group after 12 weeks of treatment, an ANCOVA analysis with baseline as the covariate, and using the Holm step-down procedure, as described above, for controlling Type I error, the only quality of life measure that showed significant difference in symptoms between the two groups was shortness of breath (
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) with the RCM-104 group showing significant reduction in symptoms (
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, Table 2).tab2Table 2: Weight-related symptoms and how much they bother you.Similarly, after 12 weeks, eleven items of Weight-Loss Quality of Life (your feelings about your weight—Table 3) were significantly improved in the treatment group, while only 2 items were significantly improved in the placebo group. When the RCM-104 group was cop; 0
.
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0
2
9
for assessing the smallest
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-value (Table 3)).tab3Table 3: Obesity and weight-loss quality of life-your feelings about your weight.3.2.3. Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Food IntakeBoth within group and between the groups analyses did not reveal significant changes in RMR (Table 4) for both groups.tab4Table 4: Changes in anthropometric parameters of RCM-104 and placebo groups.There were some changes in the food intake by the subjects during the trial. However, the changes were not sEGCG stimulates thermogenesis, with caffeine enhancing this action. Other studies have found that catechin polyphenols and caffeine increase 24-hour energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans, which contribute to weight reduction [33]. This present study did find some increase in RMR; however, the difference between the two groups was not significant.In Chinese medicine practice, Jue Ming Zi is known to clear heat, moistens and lubricates the intestines, and therefore acts as a mild laxative [34]. The anti-obesity effects of this herb, however, may be attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthase [19], which is shown in the reduction of body fat composition. Traditionally, Huaihua is used to cool blood and stop bleeding which is an anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-obesity effect of Huaihua is attributed to its diuretic and laxative actions [35].In human studies, green tea has been found to significantly increase energy expenditure, lower body weight, and decrease waist circumference without changing heart rate or blood pressure [33]. Obesity is associated with many other health problems [2] and even small reductions in weight can lead to significant improvements in quality of life of obese individuals [36]. In this study, we found that RCM-104 significantly improved many aspects of quality of life consistent with Chinese medicine diagnosis theory. The reduction of joint pain among the participants in this study may be due the anti-inflammatory action of Huaihua and Juemingzi [35]. The cholesterol levels have been unchanged, which is not consistent with an animal study by [37] that Huaihua lowered hepatic and blood cholesterol levels, but may be due to a relatively small proportion of Huaihua in RCM-104. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often coexists within the obese population [38]. In this study, subjects in the treatment group showed significant improvement of shortness of breath symptoms. This effect maybe due to the antioxidant effects of green tea catechins [39].There has been general concern of the lack of safety of specific Chinese herbal medicine. Kidney failure due to herbal weight loss pills has been reported [40]. The results of this study have shown only mild undesirable adverse events such as headache and nausea that occurred during the first treatment period. This is consistent with reports from previous studies [41, 42]. A study by Pisters et al. in 2001 showed that a single oral consumption of 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) might cause mild headache [43, 44]. A study by Hsu et al. 2008 did not detect EGCG in the serum sample of subjects at the dosage of 302 mg of EGCG per day. In the present study, RCM-104 contained 314.04 mg of EGCG in the daily dosage. It has been previously reported that green tea could cause slight gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea [45]. Although Juemingzi is included in the list of poisonous plants of North Carolina, Russell et al. stated that the toxic effects are only associated with the intake of large quantities without specifying dosage [46]. However, an animal study has shown no changed serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, and lactic dehydrogenase activity at the dosage of 1.19% of body weight per day [47]. Another animal study did not see any sign of chronic ingestion when consuming 0.15% Juemingzi of the diet, and Intermittent mild diarrhea was observed in animals consuming high doses (5%) of Juemingzi in their diet [48]. Juemingzi has been safely used in Chinese medicine practice for hundreds of years. In this study, we used 2.4 g of Juemingzi extract, which is less than half of recommended dosage of 5 g extract per day [35]. Huaihua has been used in many Asian countries as daily tea. In daily practice, overuse of Huaihua can cause mild diarrhea in some cases [35]. The recommended safe dosage for this herb is 5 g [34] of extract per day, but only 1.2 g per day was used in this study. Based on the dosages used in this study and the findings, RCM-104 appeared to be safe and well tolerated by the subjects.5. ConclusionRCM-104 is well tolerated and appears to be effective in reducing weight and improving quality of life in obese individuals after 12 weeks. Long-term follow-up studies in larger populations are required to determine if weight loss is sustained.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that none of them has any conflict of interests within the last three years that may arise by being named as an author of the paper.AcknowledgmentsThis study was cofunded by the Windermere Foundation Limited, an RMIT Emerging Researcher Grant, and an Australian Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Association (AACMA) seed grant. The trial medications were manufactured, tested, and supplied by Sun Ten Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd, Taiwan. The use of Quality of Life (OWLQOL) instruments was permitted by Seattle Quality of Life Group, University of Washington. The authors would also like to thank all subjects, nurses, doctors, and research assistants who have contributed to this paper.
